An architect is a professional trained in the art and science of building design. They develop concepts for structures and turn those concepts into images and plans. Architects must obtain proper education and licensure before practicing architecture. While the basic job description remains the same, architects can specialize in certain kinds of projects. Architects meet with clients, draft plans, work with other professionals, supervise construction and manage projects.
Education and Training
To become an architect, you will need a professional degree in architecture, which is generally a 5-year Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degree. These programs include courses in architectural history, building design, engineering, math, physical sciences, liberal arts, and computer science. Most states also require architects to earn a master’s degree as well, which is an additional 1 to 5 years of schooling.
In addition to earning a degree, aspiring architects must complete an internship to gain practical experience. Internships provide exposure to the day-to-day operations of an architecture practice and allow you to work under the supervision of a licensed architect. The National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) oversees architecture degree programs in U.S. colleges and universities. Most state registration boards require candidates to have a degree from a NAAB-accredited program to sit for the Architect Registration Examination.
After completing their education and internship, architects must obtain a license before they can practice. Licensure requires passing the Architect Registration Examination, which tests candidates on their knowledge of building design and construction. Several states also require architects to complete continuing education to keep their license.
Common Tasks and Responsibilities
Architects perform the following key duties:
– Meet with clients to determine objectives, requirements and budget for the project.
– Integrate input from clients, engineers, interior designers and constructors.
– Develop concepts, designs and construction plans.
– Prepare scaled drawings with computer-aided design (CAD) software.
– Specify materials, construction techniques and finishes for buildings.
– Submit plans for approval from regulatory agencies.
– Oversee bidding procedures to hire contractors.
– Administer construction contracts.
– Visit worksites to monitor progress and compliance.
– Evaluate design solutions and recommend changes to improve efficiency and quality.
Schematic Design
The schematic design phase focuses on developing an overall vision for the project. Architects meet with clients to understand their needs and constraints. They conduct site evaluations to gather information about the project location. Architects then create preliminary sketches and floor plans. At the end of this phase, they present schematic design documents that illustrate the scale and relationship between project components.
Design Development
In the design development phase, architects specify details about layout, materials, construction techniques and systems. They work with consulting engineers on structural, mechanical and electrical systems. Architects develop floor plans, sections and building models to illustrate design intent. They also outline technical specifications for materials, finishes and equipment. Completing this phase provides enough detail to establish an estimated cost for construction.
Construction Documents
During this phase, architects create drawing sets that serve as instructions for contractors. These include floor plans, exterior and interior elevations, detailed sections, material specifications, schedules, and diagrams of mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems. Construction documents must comply with building codes and regulations. Architects may need to submit these documents for review by local authorities before receiving a building permit.
Construction Administration
Throughout the construction phase, architects serve as project managers. They oversee the bid process and selection of contractors. Architects visit the worksite periodically to verify that construction adheres to their plans and specifications. They review shop drawings, samples and product data submitted by contractors. Architects issue certificates for payment, track schedules and costs, and handle change orders. They conduct project closeout procedures when construction wraps up.
Architectural Design Process
The architectural design process involves these typical phases:
1. Pre-design: Architects meet with clients and other project stakeholders to define goals, requirements, constraints and deliverables for the project.
2. Schematic design: Architects create study models and schematic diagrams to explore conceptual design alternatives. Clients review multiple options.
3. Design development: Architects refine the schematic design, adding details and specifications for layout, materials, systems and components.
4. Construction documents: Architects prepare permit and construction drawings showing scaled floor plans, elevations, sections and dimensions.
5. Procurement: The construction documents are used to solicit contractor bids and negotiate construction contracts.
6. Construction: Architects monitor construction, review shop drawings, update documents and issue supplements as needed.
7. Closeout: Architects inspect the site to verify project completion and contract fulfillment. Clients move into the completed building.
Types of Architects
Architects can specialize in certain building types, project phases or architectural services. Some common specializations include:
– Residential: Design houses and apartments.
– Commercial: Design office buildings, hotels, retail stores, etc.
– Institutional: Design schools, churches, hospitals, etc.
– Historic preservation: Modify and restore existing older structures.
– Industrial: Design warehouses, factories and processing plants.
– Landscape: Design outdoor public spaces and environments.
– Interior design: Focus on interior space planning, layouts and finishes.
– Urban design: Design public spaces and communities through partnerships with governments, developers and communities. Consider factors such as zoning, transportation, sustainability, etc.
– Architectural visualizer: Create realistic renderings, animations and models to illustrate architectural designs using 3D software.
– BIM manager: Oversee use of building information modeling (BIM) tools throughout the project life cycle.
– Specification writer: Research, select and specify construction materials and finishes.
– Construction manager: Manage scheduling, bidding, contracts and workflow during construction.
– Project manager: Coordinate the architectural design process and juggle tasks, teams and resources to deliver projects on time and on budget.
Architectural Design Software
Architects use specialized software at various stages of the design process:
– Drawing software allows architects to create 2D drawings, floor plans, elevations and sections. Popular programs include AutoCAD and DraftSight.
– 3D modeling software is used to develop digital 3D models that illustrate the massing, forms and spatial relationships of a design. SketchUp and Rhino are common choices.
– Building information modeling (BIM) tools like Revit combine 3D modeling capabilities with tools for generating drawings, specifications, renderings and simulations. Data-rich BIM models support better design analysis and coordination.
– Rendering software generates photorealistic images, animations and VR environments that visualize architectural designs with lighting, textures and context. Options include 3ds Max, V-Ray, Lumion and Enscape.
– Analysis software evaluates factors like structure, energy use, lighting, acoustics, code compliance and costs. DDS-CAD, Sefaira, Solar-Ray, ISOLibrary and Ecotect are a few examples.
– Specification software streamlines researching, organizing and formatting construction specifications. Masterspec and SpecLink are commonly used.
– Project management software assists with budgets, schedules, collaboration and workflow. Popular platforms include Asana, Smartsheet and Basecamp.
Important Skills for Architects
– Spatial reasoning ability – Visualize and manipulate 3D spaces
– Creative problem solving – Resolve design challenges imaginatively
– Technical drawing skills – Communicate designs clearly using drawings
– Knowledge of building systems – Incorporate structural, mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems
– Understanding of building codes – Design safe, compliant buildings
– Project management skills – Manage workflow, resources, budgets and schedules
– Communication and collaboration – Work closely with clients, consultants and builders
– Attention to detail – Oversee meticulous development and execution of design
– Time management and organization – Balance multiple tasks and priorities
– Knowledge of sustainability – Incorporate green building principles and practices
– Ability to use design software – Prepare drawings, models, renderings and simulations
Professional Requirements for Architects
To legally practice architecture, architects must meet education, experience and examination requirements established by their jurisdiction.
In the United States, all 50 states require architects to have a NAAB-accredited degree, complete the Architectural Experience Program (AXP) – a minimum of 3 to 4 years of practical experience – and pass the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) administered by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB).
Most Canadian provinces require an accredited professional degree, 2 to 3 years of experience and completion of the Examination for Architects in Canada.
In addition, becoming a licensed architect requires:
– Meeting character and fitness standards.
– Earning continuing education credits. Architects must regularly enhance skills and knowledge.
– Adhering to a code of ethics and professional conduct.
– Understanding liability, regulations, building codes and zoning.
– Establishing proper business organization and insurance coverage.
– Developing contracts and client agreements.
Licensure allows architects to file building permits and be held legally responsible for projects. It provides career mobility across states and provinces.
Architectural Career Paths and Advancement
There are several potential career paths and advancement opportunities in architecture:
– Intern architect – Gain experience after completing a professional degree by working under the supervision of a licensed architect.
– Project architect – Take on more responsibility for overseeing specific building projects and coordinating consultants.
– Senior project architect – Lead project teams with multiple firm architects and outside consultants.
– Design architect – Focus on conceptual design work in a firm rather than technical development and construction documents.
– BIM manager – Become an expert in building information modeling software and lead implementation.
– Architectural department head – Manage an architectural team, mentoring junior staff and overseeing quality control.
– Associate/partner – Obtain an ownership stake in a firm, allowing participation in business operations and profits.
– Principal architect – Serve as one of the principals owning and directing an architectural firm.
– Sole practitioner – Start an independent architectural practice.
Beyond practicing architecture, related career options include architecture professors and academic researchers, construction product manufacturers, architecture critics and journalists. Obtaining further education can also open up paths like architectural engineering, real estate development, urban planning and historic preservation.
Architectural Registration Boards
Architects must be licensed by the registration board in the jurisdiction where they practice. These boards protect public health, safety and welfare by setting standards, approving licensure and governing the practice of architecture.
In the U.S., each state has its own architectural registration board. These are modeled after the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). NCARB develops standards, examinations and reciprocity agreements allowing licensed architects to work across multiple states. It also maintains a certification program for architects with advanced experience.
In Canada, provincial architectural associations handle architectural licensing and regulation. The Canadian Architectural Certification Board (CACB) oversees accreditation of professional degree programs across Canada.
Internationally, the International Union of Architects (UIA) is an organization dedicated to promoting the role of architects worldwide. It works to advance architecture through professional excellence, international cooperation, education and research.
Professional Organizations for Architects
There are many professional associations that support architects through education, advocacy, awards and networking opportunities.
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) is the leading professional membership organization for U.S. architects. Benefits include professional development courses, contract documents, publications, advocacy and local chapter events. The AIA also bestows fellowships and awards for design excellence.
The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) plays a similar role as the national advocacy body for architects in Canada. It provides professional development, standard contracts, awards and the RAIC International Indigenous Architecture and Design Symposium.
The American Institute of Architecture Students (AIAS) is an independent organization for architecture students in the U.S. It hosts conferences and design competitions and facilitates networking and mentorships.
Architectural associations also exist at the local and state level. For example, the Boston Society of Architects supports architects in the New England area with networking events, lectures, continuing education and an architectural library.
Importance of Architects
Architects play a vital role in shaping the built environment and improving quality of life through creative, functional and sustainable design solutions.
Some key reasons architects are so important:
– They design buildings that balance functional requirements, efficiency, aesthetics, human needs and environmental impact.
– They understand structural and mechanical systems, materials and construction methods that make buildings safe and efficient.
– They are responsible for protecting public health, safety and welfare through building practices and compliance with regulations.
– They lead complex, multi-disciplinary building projects that require extensive coordination and management skills.
– They help convey clients’ identities, values and aspirations through thoughtful architectural design.
– They collaborate with communities, clients and consultants to find solutions tailored to unique needs, contexts and challenges.
– They envision the impact of design on the surrounding landscape and urban development patterns.
– Their work contributes to quality of life by creating comfortable, inspiring and uplifting built environments.
Architecture elevates our lives beyond basic shelter and spans artistic expression, technical knowledge and social responsibility. Architects make our world more enriching through the power of thoughtful design.
Conclusion
Being an architect requires extensive education and experience combined with artistic vision, technical skill, management ability and a commitment to professional ethics. Architects must balance multiple stakeholders’ needs, navigate constraints, and uphold safety and quality standards throughout the lengthy process of taking a building from concept to reality. By playing such a multifaceted role in shaping our built environment, architects have an invaluable impact on how we live, work and congregate. Though challenging, an architectural career lets you blend science and art to make a positive mark on your community through iconic buildings and lively public spaces.
